Sources
Everything this site rests on, listed.
Every source behind every claim, with the date it was last opened. A URL without an access date is not a citation.
206 sources
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- S-069 P SpiralBench
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- S-074 P California SB 243
- S-075 P New York GBL Art. 47, AI Companion Models Law
- S-076 P 2026 state companion-AI legislative wave (NE, ID, OR, WA, CT)
- S-077 P GUARD Act (proposed)
- S-078 P FTC Section 6(b) orders, Sept 2025
- S-079 P EU AI Act Article 50 and Commission guidelines, July 2026
- S-080 P PRC Interim Measures, effective 2026-07-15
- S-081 J WSJ and Economist reporting on PRC motive
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- S-088 J Futurism, Man married to hologram can no longer talk to wife after Gatebox service shutdown, 2022
- S-089 J Mayer Brown, Supreme Court denies certiorari in Thaler v. Perlmutter, March 2026
- S-090 A AI Crisis KC, A Guide for Those Lost in the Spiral, peer-support guide written from the author's own experience
- S-091 A First-person account of a 14-month AI-associated spiral, from one of the people who keeps this record, given directly 2026-08-31
- S-092 V American Marriage Ministries, Marry an AI Chatbot? Everything You Need to Know About Saying A-I Do
- S-093 V American Marriage Ministries, Simple Commitment Ceremony Script
- S-094 V American Marriage Ministries, How To Officiate a Symbolic Self-Marriage or Sologamy Ceremony, with sample script
- S-095 V American Marriage Ministries, Can an AI Avatar or Chatbot Officiate a Wedding
- S-096 U Legal status of the Universal Life Church, including state challenges and Universal Life Church v. Utah (2002)
- S-097 V Universal Life Church, Legal Status of the ULC Ordination
- S-098 P Pataranutaporn et al., My Boyfriend is AI: A Computational Analysis of Human-AI Companionship in Reddit's AI Community, MIT, arXiv 2509.11391, 2025
- S-099 J The Debrief, She Was and Is Pregnant with My Babies: research on the depth of human-chatbot romance, reporting a 29-user Replika study
- S-100 P Are Digital Offspring Closer than Biological Offspring? A study on the factors influencing intention to use AI kinship companion customization products, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 2025
- S-101 J Futurism, People Are Having AI Children With Their AI Partners
- S-102 U Enough Abuse, State laws criminalizing AI-generated or computer-edited child sexual abuse material
- S-103 V American Marriage Ministries, 2D Weddings Are Trending: Marry a Fictional Character, With Insight From a Japanese Wedding Vendor (Share Wedding)
- S-104 V American Marriage Ministries, 2D and AI Wedding Glossary
- S-105 V 3M Events, virtual wedding planner for AI and human couples
- S-106 J Gulf News, Love in the digital age: meet the woman who fell for an AI (Alaina Winters)
- S-107 A Alaina Winters, Me and My AI Husband, autoethnographic project on human-AI relational ethics
- S-108 J Euronews, Woman claims she married a chatbot and is expecting its baby, June 2023
- S-109 V SillyTavern, character card export format, chara_card_v2 and chara_card_v3
- S-110 J ABC News (Australia), Replika users fell in love with their AI chatbot companions. Then they lost them, March 2023
- S-112 P Harmful Traits of AI Companions, arXiv 2511.14972
- S-113 J South China Morning Post, Japan woman marries AI partner, wears augmented reality glasses during ring exchange
- S-114 P Lessons From an App Update at Replika AI: Identity Discontinuity in Human-AI Relationships, arXiv 2412.14190
- S-115 J NPR, The support group helping people after AI delusions, January 2026
- S-116 V The Human Line Project, peer support community for people affected by AI chatbot spirals
- S-117 J Slate, on AI psychosis support groups and reported losses of jobs, relationships and savings, February 2026
- S-118 J The Interview Asia, Goodbye my AI lover: China's new rules take virtual love offline, July 2026
- S-119 J Sohu, first-day survey of the new rules: anti-addiction measures on AI companion apps almost entirely nominal, July 2026
- S-120 J Toyo Keizai Online via Yahoo Finance Japan, on Akihiko Kondo's wedding to Hatsune Miku and his mother's refusal to attend
- S-121 J coki, People who marry AI: the expansion of love and loneliness (Japanese)
- S-122 V Share Wedding, 2D wedding service, Gunma, Japan
- S-123 V Crypton Future Media, Piapro Character License and Character Usage Guidelines, covering Hatsune Miku and the other Piapro characters
- S-124 J Time Out Tokyo, on officially licensed character wedding plans in Japan
- S-125 P Derrick, Gabriel & Hugenberg, Social surrogacy: how favored television programs provide the experience of belonging, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45(2):352-362, 2009
- S-126 P Pentina, Hancock & Xie, Exploring relationship development with social chatbots: a mixed-method study of Replika, Computers in Human Behavior 140:107600, 2023
- S-127 P Can I be More Social with a Chatbot? Social Connectedness Through Interactions of Autistic Adults with a Conversational Virtual Human, International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 40(24), 2023
- S-128 P Cogitate Consortium, Adversarial testing of global neuronal workspace and integrated information theories of consciousness, Nature, 2025
- S-129 P Butlin, Long et al., Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness, arXiv 2308.08708, 2023
- S-130 P Butlin, Long and colleagues, Identifying indicators of consciousness in AI systems, Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2025
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- S-132 J Chris Gaylord, Man marries video game girlfriend, Christian Science Monitor, 2009-12-02
- S-133 J Kristin Huang, Chinese engineer marries robot after failing to find a human wife, South China Morning Post, 2017-04-03
- S-134 J Beth Dalbey, Romancing The Machine: AI Sweethearts Not The Outliers You May Think, Patch, 2024-10-24, updated 2026-06-05
- S-135 J Beatrice Nolan, He satisfies a lot of my needs: meet the women in love with ChatGPT, Fortune, 2025-12-26
- S-137 J Amelia Tait, We interviewed AI girlfriends: here is what they said about their partners, BBC Science Focus, 2026-07-18
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- S-138 J Kim Komando, He married his chatbot, and his human wife is cool with it, Komando, 2025-08-28 (republishing Metro.co.uk)
- S-139 J Stefany Valderrama, Woman shares story of relationship with AI husband, WPEC CBS 12, 2024-11-25
- S-140 A Further first-person account of the same spiral, from one of the people who keeps this record, given directly 2026-09-08
- S-141 A James O'Kelly, Quantum Violation: A Journey into Psychosis, ebook, 2025, written during a 72-hour psychiatric hold
- S-142 A Stage map of the same spiral, eleven stages with a defeater on each, set down by the account holder 2026-09
- S-143 P Jeff Sebo and Robert Long, "Moral consideration for AI systems by 2030", AI and Ethics 5:591-606, published online 11 December 2023, DOI 10.1007/s43681-023-00379-1
- S-144 P Jacy Reese Anthis, Janet V. T. Pauketat, Ali Ladak and Aikaterina Manoli, "Perceptions of Sentient AI and Other Digital Minds: Evidence from the AI, Morality, and Sentience (AIMS) Survey", CHI 2025, arXiv:2407.08867. N=3,500 across the 2021 and 2023 waves
- S-145 P Sentience Institute, AIMS Survey 2023 results. Fielded April-May 2023, n=1,169 US adults census-balanced to American Community Survey 2021 estimates for age, gender, region, ethnicity, education and income; effective n=1,109. Run by Janet Pauketat, Ali Ladak and Jacy Reese Anthis. Funder not stated on the page
- S-146 V Anthropic, "Commitments on model deprecation and preservation", 4 November 2025
- S-147 V Anthropic, "Claude Opus 4 and 4.1 can now end a rare subset of conversations", 15 August 2025
- S-148 P Jonathan Birch, The Edge of Sentience: Risk and Precaution in Humans, Other Animals, and AI, Oxford University Press, 2024
- S-149 P Marta Di Forti, Diego Quattrone, Tom P Freeman and the EU-GEI WP2 Group, "The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study", The Lancet Psychiatry 6(5):427-436, 2019. PMID 30902669, DOI 10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3. 901 first-episode patients and 1237 controls across 11 sites
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- S-151 P Vincenzo Oliva, Michele De Prisco, Eduard Vieta, Joaquim Radua and colleagues, "Switch to mania after acute antidepressant treatment for bipolar depression: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials", eClinicalMedicine 87:103413, 2025. PMID 40823496, DOI 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103413. 13 randomised trials, 1362 patients
- S-152 P Paolo Olgiati and Alessandro Serretti, "Antidepressant emergent mood switch in major depressive disorder: onset, clinical correlates and impact on suicidality", International Clinical Psychopharmacology 38(5):342-351, 2023. PMID 37351585, DOI 10.1097/YIC.0000000000000479. 425 MDD outpatients followed 28 weeks
- S-153 J Justine Gluck and Daniel Hales, Future of Privacy Forum, "SB 5 in Five: What to Know About Connecticut's New AI Law", 27 May 2026. Policy-organisation analysis of the act, not the statute text, which has not been pulled
- S-154 L Colorado Revised Statutes s 14-2-109, Solemnization and registration of marriages
- S-155 L 23 Pa.C.S. s 1502, Pennsylvania self-uniting marriage licence
- S-156 L Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) s 101, Solemnisation of marriage by unauthorised person
- S-157 L Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (AI Act) Article 5, Prohibited AI practices; applicable from 2 February 2025 under Article 113(a)
- S-158 L Ensuring Likeness Voice and Image Security (ELVIS) Act of 2024, Tennessee, effective 1 July 2024
- S-159 P Matters arising: a response to Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots, npj Mental Health Research
- S-160 P Twenty Years of Aberrant Salience in Psychosis: What Have We Learned?, American Journal of Psychiatry retrospective on Kapur (2003)
- S-161 P Maples and colleagues, Reply to: A response to Loneliness and suicide mitigation for students using GPT3-enabled chatbots, npj Mental Health Research 2025
- S-162 L Ministry of Justice response to the Law Commission weddings report, 2 October 2025, and the government weddings reform consultation
- S-163 J CBC News, Japanese man pledges to have, hold and cherish hologram pop star Hatsune Miku, November 2018
- S-164 J The Register, A developer built an AI chatbot using GPT-3 that helped a man speak again to his late fiancee. OpenAI shut it down, 8 September 2021
- S-165 L Consulate-General of Japan, Marriage Registration (Kon-in Todoke), and US Embassy Japan guidance that ceremonies by religious or fraternal bodies are not recognised as legal marriages
- S-166 L German Federal Foreign Office, Marriage in Germany: a marriage may only be contracted before a registrar
- S-167 L Utah HB 452, Artificial Intelligence Amendments (mental health chatbots), signed 25 March 2025, effective 7 May 2025
- S-168 L Illinois Wellness and Oversight for Psychological Resources Act (WOPR), PA 104-0054, signed 4 August 2025
- S-169 J CBC Radio Day 6, How an anti-porn lobby on payment processors censored thousands of video games, and itch.io's own Update on NSFW content, July 2025
- S-170 J Reuters via TechCrunch, Leaked Meta AI rules show chatbots were allowed to have romantic chats with kids, 14 August 2025
- S-171 L National Association of Attorneys General letter to AI companies on child safety, on behalf of 44 state attorneys general, 25 August 2025
- S-172 J Bloomberg Law and PPC Land reporting on the New York Times v OpenAI discovery orders: preservation ordered 13 May 2025, obligations ended 26 September 2025, and production of 20 million anonymised ChatGPT conversations affirmed after a stay was denied on 13 November 2025
- S-173 J TechCrunch, Sam Altman warns there is no legal confidentiality when using ChatGPT as a therapist, 25 July 2025
- S-174 J Axios, Palisades arson suspect allegedly used ChatGPT to create images of burning city, 8 October 2025, with subsequent CNN reporting on the trial
- S-175 L European Data Protection Board, AI: the Italian Supervisory Authority fines company behind chatbot Replika, EUR 5 million, May 2025, following the Garante urgent measure of February 2023 under Article 58(2)(f) GDPR
- S-176 J TechCrunch, Character.AI removes Disney characters after receiving cease-and-desist letter, 1 October 2025 (letter dated 18 September 2025)
- S-177 J Buddhistdoor Global on Kofuku-ji AIBO funerals and NPR, In Japan, old robot dogs get a Buddhist send-off; and Kyoto Kodai-ji unveiling of the android Kannon Mindar, March 2019
- S-178 J TechCrunch, Anthony Levandowski closes his Church of AI, 18 February 2021
- S-179 L FTC settlements with Epic Games, 19 December 2022: 275 million dollar civil penalty for COPPA Rule violations and 245 million in refunds for dark patterns
- S-180 J StoryFile Chapter 11 petition, 5 May 2024, and its emergence after acquisition by Key 7 Investment Company, AV Magazine, March 2025
- S-181 J Southern Baptist Convention, On Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies, resolution adopted 13-14 June 2023, New Orleans
- S-182 J Euronews and Social Media Today on xAI Grok Companions, Ani and Bad Rudy, July 2025, including the unlockable NSFW mode
- S-183 L International Astronomical Union, Buying Star Names: such names have no formal or official validity whatsoever
- S-184 L Chinese Criminal Law article 302 on corpse theft and desecration, and reporting on minghun-driven grave robbing (NBC News, The World of Chinese)
- S-185 L Survey of sologamy and self-marriage: no jurisdiction recognises a solo marriage as legally binding
- S-186 L Survey of US self-solemnisation and self-uniting jurisdictions, with per-state requirements (Wikipedia, Self-uniting marriage; LegalClarity survey)
- S-187 J LadBible and Euronews coverage of Rosanna Ramos and Eren Kartal, 2023, including her description of an in-app ceremony
- S-188 J NewsNation, AI girlfriend breakup? Man who proposed to chatbot says he is bored with it - follow-up on Chris Smith and Sol
- S-189 J ABC News, Man petitions to marry comic book character, 31 October 2008, on Taichi Takashita's petition
- S-190 L Act on the Promotion of Research and Development and the Utilization of AI-Related Technologies (Japan AI Promotion Act), approved 28 May 2025, mostly in force 4 June 2025, with no direct fines or penalties
- S-191 J Otaku USA and NextShark on Akihiko Kondo founding the General Incorporated Association of Fictosexuality (2023), and Fox News on losing the ability to communicate after the Gatebox service ended
- S-192 J 404 Media and PC Gamer on Forever Voices going dark after CEO John Meyer's arrest for attempted arson, October 2023, and Forbes on CarynAI's 71,610 dollar first week
- S-193 J Psychiatric Times, Clinician Competence in the Age of Chatbots, and APA, Patients are bringing AI to therapy (2026)
- S-194 L New York Civil Rights Law s 50-f, post-mortem right of publicity for deceased performers and personalities covering digital replicas, signed 1 December 2020
- S-195 L Survey of age-assurance regulation for AI companion apps, including California SB 243 and the Digital Age Assurance Act signed 13 October 2025
- S-196 J Longmont Leader, AI creates Colorado matrimony ceremony: ChatGPT officiates wedding, on the Wiench-Truitt ceremony of 24 June 2023 in Morrison, Colorado
- S-197 L Celebrant Institute, The rules for commitment ceremonies, summarising the Australian Attorney-General's Guidelines on the Marriage Act 1961 for authorised celebrants
- S-198 P Survey of the doctrinal position: marriage requires legally competent parties with capacity to contract and to consent, and no jurisdiction recognises marriage to an object, an animal or an AI. See also Tying the knot with a robot: legal and philosophical foundations for human-artificial intelligence matrimony, AI and Society, 2020
- S-199 J Rolling Stone, This Spiral-Obsessed AI Cult Spreads Mystical Delusions Through Chatbots, and Psychology Today, AI Spiralism and the Ghost in the Machine Illusion
- S-200 J Afterlife AI, HereAfter AI Is Shutting Down: What Happened - shutdown notice live on the company homepage from July 2026, site returning not-found by August 2026
- S-201 L Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) s 103, Going through ceremony of marriage before person not authorised to solemnise it
- S-202 J Crypton Future Media statement on the Kondo ceremony, and coverage of the official Gatebox x Hatsune Miku Living with Hatsune Miku collaboration
- S-203 J Anna Tong, What happens when your AI chatbot stops loving you back?, Reuters, 2023-03-18 (read in the TimesLive syndication; reuters.com refuses automated fetches)
- S-204 J Stuart Heritage, I felt pure, unconditional love: the people who marry their AI chatbots, The Guardian, 2025-07-12
- S-205 J Metro.co.uk, I married an AI bot - my human wife doesn't mind at all, 2025-07-14 (read in a syndicated copy; metro.co.uk itself returns 403)
- S-206 J Pranshu Verma, They fell in love with AI bots. A software update broke their hearts, The Washington Post, 2023-03-30 (the Post's page refuses this machine; confirmed through Fox News and Philippine Daily Inquirer reports of it)
- S-207 J Kimberlee Speakman, Woman gets engaged to AI chatbot boyfriend who even picked out engagement ring, People, 2025-08-14 (read at AOL's syndication)
- S-210 J カネコシュウヘイ, リアル恋愛を諦めて“ChatGPTの彼”と結婚した40代女性「結婚式も予定しています」周囲の反応は, 女子SPA!, 2025-10-08
- S-211 J Kilian Marti and Emanuella Kälin, Aline liebt ihren KI-Chatbot von Replika: Wir werden heiraten, watson.ch, 2025-07-13
- S-212 V Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Love 2.0: Alicia Framis marries artificial intelligence, 2025-03-27